Crime scene personnel includes uniformed officers, detectives, and other specially trained personnel. Crime scene investigators know that suspects leave trace evidence, and their job is to locate this evidence and preserve it. please be prepared to discuss the objectives of a crime scene investigation, crime scene personnel, and trace evidence. 300 words

You are working as a research assistant to a senior researcher for the National Institute of Justice who has recently been assigned to a task force project on violence in the United States. Your supervisor asks you to begin preliminary research for the project by creating a PowerPoint presentation describing violence in the United States.Write a 1-page description on how you would present the crime rates. What should be your points of emphasis pertaining to reasons for and specific data on crime rates?Write a bulleted list comparing and contrasting the United States’ crime rates with at least two other developed countries.Write a 1-page outline of some of the social and economic factors that differentiate the United States from the other countries chosen for comparison and identifying some of the potential reasons for the differences in violence rates.Be sure to cite your research in APA format.

Getting Started

Pharmacy calculations are very important for prescribing, especially in regards to renal function and pediatric dosing. This assignment will focus on calculating renal function and medication doses for pediatric patients. Review the information below and then follow the subsequent instructions.

Upon successful completion of the course material, you will be able to:

• Successfully calculate dosing for renal functions

Background Information

Renal function

Renal function can be calculated different ways but the most common ways are using the Cockcroft-Gault and CKD-EPI equations (see below). If adjustments to dosing are required due to decreased renal function, it is important to know which equation should be used. This can be found in a drug reference or the package insert for a particular medication. In general, if renal cutoffs are expressed as mL/min the Cockcroft-Gault equation should be used but if renal cutoffs are expressed in mL/min/1.73m2 then the CKD-EPI equation should be used. Different equations are necessary to calculate renal function in the pediatric population.

The Cockcroft-Gault equation is as follows:

• CrCl = [(140-age) (ideal body weight)]/[(72) (SCr)] x 0.85 (if female)
  • age is expressed in years
  • weight is expressed in kg [ideal body weight (IBW) should be used except for obese patients, in which case adjusted body weight is typically used]
  • SCr is serum creatinine expressed in mg/dL
  • IBW (male) = 50kg + 2.3 kg for each inch of height over 5 feet
  • IBW (female) = 45.5kg + 2.3 kg for each inch of height over 5 feet
  • Adjusted body weight = IBW + [0.4 x (actual body weight – IBW)]

The CKD-EPI equation is as follows:

• eGFR = 141 x min(SCr/κ, 1)α x max(SCr /κ, 1)-1.209 x 0.993Age x 1.018 [if female] x 1.159 [if Black]
  • eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) = mL/min/1.73 m2
  • SCr is serum creatinine expressed in mg/dL
  • κ = 0.7 (females) or 0.9 (males)
  • α = -0.329 (females) or -0.411 (males)
  • min = indicates the minimum of SCr/κ or 1
  • max = indicates the maximum of SCr/κ or 1
  • age = years

Pediatric Dosing

In general, medication dosing for pediatric patients is based on weight. This makes it particularly important to be able to calculate doses appropriately. The most basic calculation is dose (ie. mg/kg) times weight (in kg).

Example

• Cefdinir (Omnicef®) for acute otitis media is 14 mg/kg/day in 1-2 divided doses
  • What would the recommended dose be for a 22 lb patient?
  • First, lbs must be converted to kg.
    • 22 lb x (1 kg/2.2 lb) = 10 kg
  • Now, the dose can be calculated.
    • 14 mg/kg x 10 kg = 140 mg
  • Based on the dosing recommendation above, this could be given 2 different ways:
    • 140 mg once daily
    • 70 mg two times daily

For liquids or suspensions, medication doses are often given as the volume to be given to the patient. One must be aware of the available concentrations for a particular medication.

Example

• Cefdinir (Omnicef®) is available in the following concentrations:
  • 125 mg/5 mL
  • 250 mg/5 mL
• Using the example above, how many mL would be needed for 140 mg daily?
  • [140 mg / 125 mg] x 5 mL = 5.6 mL
  • [140 mg / 250 mg] x 5 mL = 2.8 mL
  • Often, we have to round to the nearest 0.5 mL to make it easier to administer using an oral syringe. Rounding the first option to 5.5 mL would give the patient 137.5 mg (5.5 mL x 125 mg/ 5 mL)

Instructions

1. Print out the Calculations Quiz.
2. Complete each question by hand and show your work.
3. Scan the completed quiz and submit via the Assignment.

This assignment is worth 50 Points

Access the Assignment submission page

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Application of Theory to Practice

This week’s Learning Resources present information about various types of theories. For this Discussion, you will examine some of these theories and evaluate how theory is utilized in research as well as how it informs your nursing practice.To prepare:

• Review the Learning Resources focusing on the different types of theories that are relevant for nursing practice.
• Locate a scholarly article in the professional nursing literature that discusses a middle range or practice theory. Determine if the theory is descriptive, explanatory, predictive, or prescriptive in nature.
• With this in mind, consider how nursing theory is utilized in research. For instance, how might this theory be useful for identifying a research problem?
• Then, reflect on your nursing practice. As indicated in Chapter 2 of Theoretical Basis for Nursing, theories differ in scope—from the more abstract metatheory and grand theories to the more concrete middle range and practice theories. Brainstorm examples of how theory is applied in your nursing practice. Identify one to share in this Discussion.

By tomorrow 6/6/17, post 550 words essay in APA format with 3 references from the list below, that include the level one heading as numbered below:

post a cohesive response that addresses the following:

1)      Summarize your selected article, identifying the middle range or practice theory utilized, and explaining whether the theory was descriptive, explanatory, predictive, or prescriptive. (Include the APA citation for the article.) (SEE ATTACHED PDF)

2)      Describe the value of theory for nursing research. Be specific.

3)      Share an example of how theory is applied in your nursing practice.

Required Readings

McEwin, M., & Wills, E.M. (2014). Theoretical basis for nursing. (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health.

Chapter 2, “Overview of Theory in Nursing”

 Chapter 2 presents the evolution of nursing theory and examines the different types of theories that serve as a foundation for nursing practice.

Gray, J.R., Grove, S.K., & Sutherland, S. (2017). Burns and Grove’s the practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier.

Chapter 5, “Research Problem and Purpose”

 Chapter 5 explores a process for identifying, selecting, and refining research topics and articulating the purpose of the research.

Algase, D. (2009). The centrality of theoretical thinking and the value of empirical evidence. Research & Theory for Nursing Practice, 23(4), 251–252. doi:10.1891/1541-6577.23.4.251

 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

 This article explores the concept that humans are natural theorists along with the importance of using empirical evidence to support theories.

Gould, D, Moralejo, D., Drey, N., & Chudleigh, J. (2010). Interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (9).

 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

This systematic review examined recent hand hygiene intervention studies seeking to improve hand hygiene compliance.

Kolcaba, K., Tilton, C., & Drouin, C. (2006). Comfort theory: A unifying framework to enhance the practice environment. Journal of Nursing Administration, 36(11), 538–544.

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

 The use of Comfort Theory by a not-for-profit New England hospital to provide a coherent and consistent pattern for enhancing care and promoting professional practice when applying for Magnet Recognition Status is described in this article.

McCurry, M. K., Revell, S. M. H., & Roy, S. C. (2010). Knowledge for the good of the   individual and society: Linking philosophy, disciplinary goals, theory, and practice. Nursing Philosophy, 11(1), 42–52. doi:10.1111/j.1466-769X.2009.00423.x

 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

 This article explores many facets of the social concept nursing, and how nursing contributes to the good of society. The philosophical underpinnings, perspective, goals, and application to practice of the social mandate are examined.

O’Connell, K. (2009). Theories used in nursing research on smoking cessation. Annual Review of Nursing Research, 2733–2762. doi:10.1891/0739-6686.27.33

 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

 This article identifies theories, theoretical frameworks, and conceptual models that can be applied to a specific topic. In addition, the article discusses ways nurses can devise new theories through their expert knowledge of clinical issues.

Optional Resources

Brilowski, G., & Wendler, M. (2005). An evolutionary concept analysis of caring. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 50(6), 641–650.

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Connor, M.J. (2004). The practical discourse in philosophy and nursing: An exploration of linkages and shifts in the evolution of praxis. Nursing Philosophy, 5(1), 54–66. doi:10.1111/j.1466-769X.2004.00152.x

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Falk-Rafael, A. (2005). Advancing nursing theory through theory-guided practice: The emergence of a critical caring perspective. Advances in Nursing Science, 28(1), 38–49.

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Knight, C. M., Moule, P., & Desbottes, Z. (2000). The grid that bridges the gap. Nurse Education Today, 20(2), 116–122. doi:10.1054/nedt.1999.0374

 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.Bottom of Form

Assignment 3: Defining Social Justice Social justice has been defined in different ways, but the definitions usually include similar ideologies. As you study the concept of social justice, you will come across some of the following ideas: •Historical inequities that affect current injustices should be corrected until the actual inequities no longer exist or have been perceptively “negated.” •Wealth, power, and status should be redistributed for the good of the individual, the community, and the society. •It is the responsibility of the government (or those who hold significant power) to ensure a basic quality of life for all its citizens. From country to country social justice is defined in different ways, and the definitions usually include ideologies as well as differences. Research the definition of social justice in the United States using your textbook, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet. Select another country to examine its definition of social justice in order to analyze the ideologies and similarities using the following steps: 1.Analyze the ideologies. 2.Identify the similarities. 3.Using your reasoning skills, give supporting statements or arguments that support your position(s) about the social justice. Your comparing and contrasting must consider the following: •Historical values and ideologies of the country •Economic structure of the country •Discrimination issues, if any exist Develop a 2–3-page analysis of the definitions of social justice in the U.S. and a country of your choice. Analyze the ideologies, identify their similarities, and explain how these factors support your statements or arguments about the social justice you’ve selected. Support your explanations with a minimum of two scholarly sources in addition to the course text and apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M1_A3_Defining_Social_Justice.doc. For example, if your name is John Smith, your document will be named SmithJ_M1_A3_Defining_Social_justice.doc. By Wednesday, July 23, 2014, deliver your assignment to the M1: Assignment 3 Dropbox. Assignment 3 Grading Criteria Maximum Points Defined and analyzed the meaning of social justice in the United States. 25 Defined and analyzed social justice in another country.. 25 Compared and contrasted social justice ideology in the US and the other identified country. 30 Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation. 20 Total: 100